{"id":680,"date":"2023-01-11T09:30:09","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T09:30:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.improof.lu\/levolution-des-inegalites-au-luxembourg\/"},"modified":"2024-01-31T15:30:54","modified_gmt":"2024-01-31T15:30:54","slug":"levolution-des-inegalites-au-luxembourg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.improof.lu\/de\/articles\/levolution-des-inegalites-au-luxembourg\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019\u00e9volution des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s au Luxembourg"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cette t\u00e2che ne s\u2019av\u00e8re pourtant pas ais\u00e9e du fait du caract\u00e8re multidimensionnel des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s et de l\u2019interd\u00e9pendance qui r\u00e8gne entre les diff\u00e9rentes composantes, qu\u2019elles soient \u00e9conomiques, sociales ou culturelles.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, concernant les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s qui rel\u00e8vent du patrimoine \u00e9conomique, force est de constater qu\u2019au Grand-Duch\u00e9, elles ont nettement augment\u00e9 par rapport \u00e0 la situation connue au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980.<\/p>\n

En mati\u00e8re de revenus apr\u00e8s imp\u00f4ts et transferts sociaux, les donn\u00e9es de la World Inequality Database[1] font \u00e9tat d\u2019un indice de Gini[2] en hausse de pr\u00e8s de 20% entre 1985 et 2021.<\/p>\n

Figure 1 \u00c9volution de l’indice de Gini du revenu par t\u00eate apr\u00e8s imp\u00f4ts et transferts sociaux\u00a0; Source WID<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Parmi les pays voisins, seule l\u2019Allemagne conna\u00eet une \u00e9volution plus d\u00e9favorable de cet indicateur tandis qu\u2019en France ou encore en Belgique la tendance est plut\u00f4t \u00e0 une lente r\u00e9sorption des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de revenus.<\/p>\n

Plus dans le d\u00e9tail, si l\u2019on compare la part de l\u2019ensemble des revenus du pays revenant aux 10% les mieux r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s au 50% de personnes se situant dans le bas de la distribution de revenus, il appert que ce rapport est pass\u00e9 de 1,6 en 1985 \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 1,9 en 2021, signifiant que, apr\u00e8s prise en compte des imp\u00f4ts sur le revenu et des transferts sociaux, les 10% des individus les mieux r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s ont une part deux fois plus importante du total des revenus que les 50% de personnes qui se situent dans le bas de la distribution.<\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9volution s\u2019explique par une dynamique plus favorable des hauts revenus en p\u00e9riode de bonne conjoncture comparativement aux revenus plus faibles qui certes augmentent aussi, mais \u00e0 un rythme nettement moins soutenu. En p\u00e9riode de vaches maigres, les revenus \u00e9lev\u00e9s r\u00e9sistent mieux, comme en t\u00e9moigne la d\u00e9crue relativement plus lente du revenu moyen du d\u00e9cile sup\u00e9rieur de la distribution des revenus.<\/p>\n

Figure 2 Revenu moyen des 10% des individus les mieux r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s et des 50% des individus aux revenus les plus faibles\u00a0; Source\u00a0: WID<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

De ce fait, par rapport au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980, le revenu annuel moyen des 10% d\u2019individus se situant \u00e0 la t\u00eate de la distribution des revenus a augment\u00e9 de 77% (de 91\u00a0604 \u00e0 162\u00a0331 euros) tandis que pour la moiti\u00e9 de la population se situant en bas de l\u2019\u00e9chelle de revenus, le revenu moyen n\u2019a augment\u00e9 que de 39% pour passer de 21\u00a0013 \u00e0 29\u00a0312 euros.<\/p>\n

Ces \u00e9volutions disparates des revenus trouvent en partie leur source dans les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de patrimoine pr\u00e9existantes (notamment entre les r\u00e9sidents natifs qui ont plus ais\u00e9ment tir\u00e9 profit de l\u2019explosion des prix du foncier et des immeubles au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies et les personnes s\u2019\u00e9tant \u00e9tablies au Luxembourg au cours des diff\u00e9rentes vagues migratoires), mais elles viennent aussi au fil des ann\u00e9es renforcer les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de capital au sein de la population.<\/p>\n

Il n\u2019est gu\u00e8re \u00e9tonnant de constater que les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de patrimoine sont, de fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, nettement plus importantes que les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de revenus.<\/p>\n

Figure 3 Part du patrimoine total d\u00e9tenue par les 10% d’individus les plus ais\u00e9s et les 40% les moins riches ; Source : OCDE[3]<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ainsi, le rapport entre la part du patrimoine total d\u00e9tenue par les deux d\u00e9ciles inf\u00e9rieurs de la distribution et celle d\u00e9tenue par le dixi\u00e8me le plus ais\u00e9 est de 1 \u00e0 12 en 2018 (contre de 1 \u00e0 6 environ pour le rapport entre les revenus apr\u00e8s imp\u00f4ts et transferts sociaux moyens des 50% les moins bien r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s et les 10% de revenus les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s).<\/p>\n

Ces in\u00e9galit\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re de revenus et de patrimoine viennent, selon les positions des individus au sein des distributions respectives, soit faciliter, soit entraver la mobilit\u00e9 sociale. \u00c0 ce titre, l\u2019\u00e9tude PISA fait appara\u00eetre des r\u00e9sultats \u00e9difiants en ce qui concerne le lien entre patrimoine \u00e9conomique et patrimoine culturel.<\/p>\n

En effet, les vagues plus r\u00e9centes de cette enqu\u00eate de l\u2019OCDE sur les performances scolaires des adolescents permettent de tirer des enseignements sur les comp\u00e9tences en lecture, en math\u00e9matiques et en sciences des enfants selon le statut socio-\u00e9conomique de leurs parents[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Figure 4 Score (de 0 \u00e0 1000) des comp\u00e9tences en lecture par quartiles de l’indice de statut socio-\u00e9conomique ; Source : OCDE, PISA 2018<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ainsi, en ce qui concerne la lecture, les r\u00e9sultats montrent, outre une performance nettement plus faible des \u00e9l\u00e8ves issus de milieux d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s par rapport \u00e0 ceux des pays voisins, \u00e9galement que l\u2019\u00e9cart entre les scores moyens des adolescents issus de familles ayant un statut socio-\u00e9conomique faible (premier quartile) et \u00e9lev\u00e9 (quatri\u00e8me quartile) est le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 des pays de l\u2019OCDE. Des constats similaires peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9tablis en ce qui concerne le lien entre statut socio-\u00e9conomique et performances en math\u00e9matiques ou en sciences menant tout compte fait \u00e0 des performances scolaires moindres et \u00e0 des niveaux de qualification moindres une fois le cursus scolaire termin\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, les enfants issus de milieux d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s ont plus de risques d\u2019avoir de faibles niveaux de qualification, voire de se retrouver en situation de d\u00e9crochage scolaire, et donc de perp\u00e9tuer le cercle vicieux de renforcement interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales.<\/p>\n

Afin de briser ce cercle vicieux qui met \u00e0 mal l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des chances, puisque les possibilit\u00e9s et capacit\u00e9s de chacun s\u2019\u00e9cartent de plus en plus les unes des autres, il faut mettre en \u0153uvre des r\u00e9formes dans de nombreux domaines, que ce soit la fiscalit\u00e9 des revenus mais aussi du patrimoine ou encore des successions, le syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif, etc.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s augmentent le risque de conflit social et diminuent la coh\u00e9sion sociale. Il importe d\u00e8s lors de suivre avec beaucoup d\u2019attention les \u00e9volutions des diff\u00e9rents indicateurs d\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9s afin d\u2019\u00e9viter un d\u00e9litement social insidieux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-unkategorisiert","topic-ungleichheiten","format-text-de"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019\u00e9volution des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s au Luxembourg - Improof<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Au Luxembourg, les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s qui rel\u00e8vent du patrimoine \u00e9conomique ont nettement augment\u00e9 par rapport au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.improof.lu\/de\/articles\/levolution-des-inegalites-au-luxembourg\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9volution des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s au Luxembourg - 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